Japanese Encephalitis (JE) remains endemic in Indian agricultural belts despite vaccination efforts. Historically, a paediatric ailment, new findings indicate a demographic transition towards adult infections. This systematic review compiles evidence on occupational, environmental, and socio-behavioral variables influencing JE transmission in India to guide targeted control initiatives. In accordance with PRISMA 2020 recommendations, electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) were searched for published articles between January 2000 and October 2025. Of 160 records, 23 observational, entomological, and veterinary research fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data were consolidated concerning geographic location, risk factors, and “One Health” indicators. Significant occupational risks were identified for populations engaged in paddy cultivation, tea plantation work, and pig rearing, particularly in Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha. The review identified key factors reported across studies including: (1) Ecological: Close proximity (<100m) to fragmented rain-fed farmland; (2) Entomological: Peak Culex abundance corresponding with monsoon cycles; and (3) Veterinary: Reported seropositivity in animal hosts in studies conducted in endemic settings. Additionally, a critical gap was identified between community knowledge and preventive practices. JE in India is increasingly manifesting as an occupational hazard for the adult agrarian workforce. Current pediatric-focused strategies are insufficient. An integrated approach incorporating adult vaccination, veterinary sentinel surveillance, and occupational health measures may help reduce transmission risk.

This study describes the clinical characteristics, paraclinical findings, ultrasonographic features, and treatment outcomes of canine renal diseases at Ho Chi Minh and Dong Nai Provincial network of Pet Health Centre Veterinary Hospitals from November 2024 to June 2025. Among 219 dogs presenting with suspected renal disease, 183 dogs were diagnosed, accounting for 83.56% of cases. Acute kidney disease was identified in 53.42% (117/219) of dogs, while chronic kidney disease accounted for 30.14% (66/219). Common clinical signs in acute and chronic cases included anorexia/lethargy (81.28%), vomiting/diarrhea (60.54%), oliguria or urinary retention (100%), and polyuria/polydipsia (100%). Haematological analysis revealed leukocytosis in 46.45%, anemia in 61.75%, and thrombocytopenia in 48.09% of affected dogs. Biochemical abnormalities showed elevated creatinine in 77.60% and increased blood urea nitrogen in 65.57% of cases. Urinalysis demonstrated proteinuria (82%), leukocyturia (64%), and hematuria (54%). Renal ultrasonography performed in 83 dogs revealed nephritis/pyelonephritis (39.76%), hydronephrosis (25.30%), and small kidneys (22.89%). The prevalence of renal disease was significantly higher in exotic breeds (91.06%), male dogs (93.08%), kennel-raised dogs (98.78%), and dogs fed commercial dry diets (91.49%). Treatment outcomes showed a recovery rate of 41.03% in acute kidney disease, while no complete recovery was observed in chronic kidney disease; mortality rates were 42.74% and 25.76%, respectively. These findings indicate that most dogs were diagnosed at advanced stages, highlighting the importance of early detection and routine renal monitoring in veterinary clinical practice.

The hypothesis that Gliricidia sepium (GS) foliage can partially replace cottonseed cake (CSC) without compromising growth, health, or nutrient utilisation was tested in a feeding trial using twenty 15-month-old growing Bunaji bulls with a mean live weight of 110.5 kg. The animals were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in which GS replaced CSC at 0, 25, 50, and 75% (w/w). Concentrate was offered at 2% of body weight, while Brachiaria decumbens hay and water were provided ad libitum over a 90-day period. Feed intake, growth performance, and feeding costs were evaluated. Concentrate intake, total dry matter intake, and average daily gain increased (P < 0.05) with GS inclusion up to 50% and declined at 75%. Average daily gain ranged from 220 to 350 g/day, with the highest values recorded at the 50% replacement level. Feed conversion efficiency improved (P < 0.05), while feed cost per unit of weight gain decreased with increasing GS inclusion. In conclusion, GS foliage can replace CSC up to 50% in the diets of growing Bunaji bulls without adverse effects on performance, and its use is recommended as a cost-effective alternative feed resource for farmers.

Chigger mites (Trombiculidae) are important ectoparasites of poultry, particularly under free-range production systems, where environmental exposure increases the risk of infestation. This study aimed to identify chigger mite species and investigate the epidemiological characteristics of infestation in free-range chickens raised by household farmers in Cao Bang Province, northern Vietnam. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 856 chickens of different ages and sexes across four communes/wards in the province. Chigger specimens were collected, morphologically identified, and analysed for prevalence in relation to age, sex, and season. Two chigger mite species, Eutrombicula whichmanni and Neoschoengastia gallinarum, were identified. Both species mainly parasitized the flank and inner thigh skin and were detected in all surveyed locations with a frequency of 100%. The overall prevalence of infestation was 40.65% and increased significantly with chicken age (P < 0.05). Seasonal variation was evident, with the highest prevalence recorded in summer (51.94%), followed by spring (45.71%), autumn (33.94%), and winter (31.96%). Although infestation was more common in hens than in roosters, the difference was not statistically significant. These findings highlight the widespread occurrence of chigger mites in free-range chickens in Cao Bang Province and emphasize the need for targeted surveillance and seasonally adapted control strategies to support sustainable poultry production.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, diagnostic indicators, and treatment outcomes of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs in Vietnam at Procare Veterinary Hospital. From October 2024 to October 2025, a total of 3,840 dogs presenting with respiratory signs or undergoing health screening were examined. Dogs suspected of cardiac disease were further evaluated using thoracic radiography, echocardiography, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) quantification. A total of 232/3,840 dogs (6.04%) were suspected of cardiac disease, of which 84 dogs (36.21%) were confirmed to have MMVD, accounting for 2.19% of all examined dogs. The most common clinical signs were dyspnea/pulmonary edema and cough, with increasing frequency from stage B1 to C. Cardiac murmur intensity increased with disease progression, with most dogs in stages B2 and C having murmurs ≥ grade III/VI. Echocardiographic variables of left-sided volume overload, including vertebral heart size (VHS), left atrium to aorta ratio (LA/Ao), left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd), and systole (LVIDs), increased significantly across stages (p < 0.001), whereas fractional shortening showed no significant change (p = 0.575). NT-proBNP concentrations increased from 500 pg/mL (B1) to 953.8 ± 294.0 pg/mL (B2) and 2,131.8 ± 354.4 pg/mL (C). Treatment outcomes were favourable in stage B2 (98.18%) but markedly lower in stage C (43.48%). These findings highlight the importance of combined clinical, imaging, and biomarker evaluation for accurate staging, early detection, and improved management of MMVD in dogs